psycho

PSYCHOTECHNOLOGY
Electronic Control of Mind and Behavior

edited by Schwitzgebel and Schwitzgebel
published by Holt, Rinehart and Winston Inc.
[Each chapter is by a different author]

Intracerebral Radio Stimulation and Recording in Completely Free Patients
Dr. Jose M. R. Delgado

Diagnosis and treatment of focal brain dysfunction associated with behav-
ioral abnormalities are complex tasks which require more effective
exploratory techniques. Intracerebral electrodes, electrocorticographical
studies, and subsequent discrete neurosurgery have given the epileptologist
and stereotaxic surgeon new possibilities for clinical investigation which
as yet have been applied to only a small percentage of the patients suffer-
ing from neurological disorders including temporal-lobe epilepsy and related
episodic behavior problems.

In these therapeutic studies, recordings and stimulation of any chosen
cerebral structure can be performed over a period of days or weeks, and
neuronal sites identified as triggers for abnormal electrical patterns as-
sociated with behavioral disturbances can be destroyed by electrolysis or
resection.

Unfortunately in some patients episodic behavior disorders may be more dis-
abling than their epileptic seizures, and focal lesions may improve one
syndrome without modifying the other. Furthermore, recording and stimula-
tion are usually performed under conditions which qualify their usefulness,
because the patients' mobility is limited by connecting leads, and the
behavior is likewise altered by the stressful and artificial environment
of the recording room.

[Inset] Reprinted from The Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, copyright [copy unredable] by the Williams and
Wilkins Company, Vol. 147, No. 4. Reproduced by permission.

1 Research and instrumental development fro the construction
of the stimoceiver was supported by the United States Air
Force, 6571st Aeromedical Research Laboratory F 29600-67-C-
0058. Additional support for our research was provided by
the United States Public Health Service, M-2004, and the
Office of Naval Research, 609 (48).

The circuit for EEG recording is a modified version of the
unit described by Meehan (1965), and his help in providing
us with the information and one of his units is gratefully
acknowledged. The help of Mr. Per Ha...[unreadable]
developing telestimulation is also gratefully acknowledged.

During the last few years, methodology has been developed to stimulate
and record the electrical activity of the brain in completely unrestrained
monkeys and chimpanzees (Delgado, 1967; Delgado and Mir, in press). This
procedure should be of considerable clinical interest because it permits
exploration of the brain for unlimited periods without disturbing their
rest or normal spontaneous activities.

This paper reports instrumentation used and clinical application in four
patients with psychomotor epilepsy in whom electrodes had been implanted in
the temporal lobes. To our knowledge, this is the first use of intercereb-
ral radio stimulation and recording in man.

Electrodes were constructed and stereotaxically implanted according to
methods previously described (Mark & Ervin, 1969). The electrode assemblies
which were connected to a McPherson skull plug, consisted of a plastic
stylet, 1.2 mm in diameter, with 15 stainless steel ? mm wide contacts at
3 mm intervals, plus one thermistor and three other contacts at the tip.

Using a McPherson Type 2 stereotaxic machine (Mark & Ervin, 1969), electrode
assemblies were implanted ??? laterally into the anterior medical amygdala
of each patient.

This system consists of two instruments: (1) the RF transmitter that
measures 30 cm x 25 cm x 15 cm and includes the circuitry for controlling
repetition rate, duration, and amplitude (intensity) of the stimulating
pulse. The repetition rate may be varied in steps between 10 and ?? Hz
and the duration between 0.1 and 1.5 millisec. Single pulses may also
be generated.

Intensity control is accomplished by varying the frequency of the three
subcarrier oscillators that operate in the 100 to ?00 kHz frequency range.
A 100 MHz oscillator is turned on and off by the pulse train from the
subcarrier oscillators. The duration of this pulse is determined by the
pulse-duration switch. These bursts of 100 MHz RF energy are received
by (2) the receiver-stimulator which is carried ?? the subject, measures
3.7 cm x 3.0 cm x 1.4 cm, and weighs 20 grams.

The solid-state circuitry is encapsulated in epoxy resin which provides
it with very good mechanical strength and makes it waterproof. Space for
the ? volt mercury battery is included in the size mentioned above.

After RF detection, the resulting subcarrier frequency is demodulated into
an amplitude. This amplitude controls the current intensity of the
stimulation pulse by means of a constant current transistor in the output
circuit of the receiver. This method makes the pulse intensity independent
of biological impedance changes over a wide range. Under average stimu-
lation conditions, the battery life is approximately one week.

[EW: This is prototype equipment, unclassified, and operating sometime in
the late 1960s. Imagine classified equipment at the end of the 20th century...]

Three channels of stimulation are available. The pulse intensity of each
channel can be controlled individually from the transmitter. The pulse
duration and repetition rate are the same for all three channels.

A miniature FM-FM amplfier-transmitter combination and telemetry receiver
are used for this purpose. (1) The transmitting circuitry, carried by
the subject, consists of an EEG amplifier with a gain of 100, input imped-
ance of 2 megohms, frequency response from 2 to 200 Hz, and a voltage-
controlled oscillator (VCO) for each channel. The VCO operates in one of
the frequency bands assigned for subcarrier oscillators by the IRIG stan-
dards.

In these studies, a three-channel system was used which operated on IRIG
channels (Delgado & Hamlin, 1962; Delgado & Mir, in press; Fonberg and
Delgado, 1961). The outputs of all three subcarrier oscillators were
summed and connected to the single RF transmitter module.

The miniaturized RF transmitter operates at 216 MHz and its range is
50 to 200 feet, depending on the environment. The size of the three chan-
nel unit, including the battery, is 4.5 cm x 4.5 cm x 1.5 cm and it weighs
50 grams.

The signals from the depth electrodes are received by the amplifier. The
output signal of the amplifier controls the frequency of the subcarrier
oscillator, and the oscillator output in turn controls the frequency of
the transmitter.

(2) After amplification of the received signal from the transmitter has
been demodulated, the composit subcarrier signals are connected to the
inputs of the three discriminators, which then separate and demodulate
their respective subcarriers to obtain the telemetered analog information.
In the instrumentation used in this instance, a 100 microvolt signal at the
input of EEG amplifier resulted in a 1-volt output from the corresponding
discriminator in the receiver.

The analog output signals from the receiver were connected to the inputs of
an EEG recorder and a magnetic tape recorder.. A microphone was also
mounted in the room with the subjects and conversation was also recorded
along with the EEG on magnetic tape.

[EW: So much for the idea that human implantation and MILITARY PARTICIPATION
therein is only a myth.]

Up to Contents
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APPENDIX IMP5 ... UNCLASSIFIED SATELLITE TRACKING HUMAN IMPLANT SYSTEM

SIGHTINGS
World's First Satellite-Tracked Human Implant Device
Applied Digital Solutions, Inc.
12-17-99

[Eleanor White's comments: This article clearly shows both availability
of technology (the classified world has certainly had this for some time),
and intent to produce satellite-based human tracking implants.Unequivocally.]

PALM BEACH, FLORIDA - Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. today announced
that it has acquired the patent rights to a miniature digital
transceiver - which it has named "Digital Angel" -- that can be used
for a variety of purposes, such as providing a tamper-proof means of
identification for enhanced e-business security, locating lost or
missing individuals, tracking the location of valuable property and
monitoring the medical conditions of at-risk patients.

In the agreement signed last week, ADS acquired the right to develop
this unique product itself for all of its applications or to sublicense
the development of specific applications to other entities. A special
technology group has been formed within ADS to supervise the
development of the device.

The implantable transceiver sends and receives data and can be
continuously tracked by GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) technology.
The transceiver's power supply and actuation system are unlike anything
ever created. When implanted within a body, the device is powered
electromechanically through the movement of muscles, and it can be
activated either by the "wearer" or by the monitoring facility. A novel
sensation feedback feature will even allow the wearer to control the
device to some degree. The "smart" device is also small enough to be
hidden inconspicuously on or within valuable personal belongings and
priceless works of art.

Commenting on Digital Angel's many potential applications, Richard J.
Sullivan, Chairman and CEO of Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. (ADS),
said: "We believe its potential for improving individual and e-business
security and enhancing the quality of life for millions of people is
virtually limitless. Although we're in the early developmental phase,
we expect to come forward with applications in many different areas,
from medical monitoring to law enforcement. However, in keeping with
our core strengths in the e-business to business arena, we plan to
focus our initial development efforts on the growing field of e-commerce
security and user ID verification."

Sullivan added that the multi-purpose technology would enable ADS to
tap into a vast global market, through licensing and other commercial
arrangements, with an estimated total value in excess of $100 billion.
"The e-business to business security market alone could reach as high
as $10 to $12 billion in the near future," Sullivan added.

ADS is actively seeking joint venture partners to help develop and
market the unique technology. The company expects to create a working
prototype by the end of next year.

Applied Digital Solutions, Inc. is an e-business to business solutions
provider offering Internet, telecom, LAN and software services to a
wide variety of businesses throughout North America. For more
information, visit the Company's web site at: